{"id":1926,"date":"2025-06-18T11:46:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-18T09:46:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/?p=1926"},"modified":"2025-06-18T14:13:53","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T12:13:53","slug":"cum-apare-ateroscleroza-cum-se-formeaza-placile-de-aterom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/cum-apare-ateroscleroza-cum-se-formeaza-placile-de-aterom\/","title":{"rendered":"How does atherosclerosis occur? How do atherosclerotic plaques form?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Voi explica mai jos, \u00eentr-un limbaj simplu \u0219i \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 c\u00e2t mai simplificat\u0103, procesul prin care apar pl\u0103cile de aterom \u00een artere, \u0219i deci procesul prin care apar bolile cardiovasculare – ce vin \u00eenso\u021bite de riscul de infarct miocardic \u0219i accident vascular cerebral.<\/p>\n

Ce sunt pl\u0103cile de aterom?<\/h2>\n

Sunt depuneri de gr\u0103sime, colesterol, celule \u0219i alte substan\u021be pe pere\u021bii arterelor. \u00cen timp, acestea pot \u00eengusta arterele \u0219i pot bloca fluxul de s\u00e2nge, ceea ce duce la probleme precum infarctul sau accidentul vascular cerebral.<\/p>\n

Procesul de formare \u2013 pas cu pas<\/b><\/p>\n


1. Leziunea pere\u021bilor arteriali
<\/b>Arterele pot fi afectate de factori precum:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • hipertensiunea (tensiune arterial\u0103 mare)<\/li>\n
  • fumatul<\/li>\n
  • zah\u0103rul crescut din s\u00e2nge (diabet)<\/li>\n
  • colesterolul ridicat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Aceste lucruri „zg\u00e2rie” sau irit\u0103 peretele intern al arterei (endoteliul).<\/p>\n

    2. Penetrarea colesterolului (LDL)
    <\/b>Colesterolul \u201er\u0103u\u201d (LDL) p\u0103trunde \u00een peretele arterei prin aceste leziuni. Acolo, el se oxideaz\u0103 (se stric\u0103), iar corpul \u00eel percepe ca pe un \u201einamic\u201d.<\/p>\n

    3. Reac\u021bia sistemului imunitar
    <\/b>Organismul trimite celule de ap\u0103rare (macrofage) ca s\u0103 elimine colesterolul oxidat. Macrofagele \u201e\u00eenghit\u201d colesterolul \u0219i se transform\u0103 \u00een celule spumoase.<\/p>\n

    4. Formarea pl\u0103cii moi
    <\/b>Aceste celule spumoase se acumuleaz\u0103 \u0219i formeaz\u0103 o zon\u0103 moale \u0219i gras\u0103 \u00een peretele arterei. Se formeaz\u0103 \u0219i un strat de \u021besut fibros (un fel de \u201ecapac\u201d) peste aceast\u0103 zon\u0103, ca o protec\u021bie.<\/p>\n

    5. Cre\u0219terea pl\u0103cii
    <\/b>Cu timpul, tot mai mult colesterol \u0219i celule moarte se adun\u0103 acolo. Placa devine mai groas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eengusteaz\u0103 artera.<\/p>\n

    6. Ruptura pl\u0103cii
    <\/b>Dac\u0103 \u201ecapacelul\u201d se rupe, se formeaz\u0103 un cheag de s\u00e2nge \u00een acel loc. Cheagul poate bloca complet artera \u2192 apare infarctul miocardic (dac\u0103 e \u00een inim\u0103) sau accidentul vascular cerebral (dac\u0103 e \u00een creier).<\/p>\n

    Pe scurt:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Artera e r\u0103nit\u0103.<\/li>\n
    • Colesterolul intr\u0103 \u00een perete.<\/li>\n
    • Se declan\u0219eaz\u0103 o reac\u021bie de ap\u0103rare.<\/li>\n
    • Se formeaz\u0103 o plac\u0103 gras\u0103.<\/li>\n
    • Placa cre\u0219te \u0219i poate bloca s\u00e2ngele.<\/li>\n
    • Dac\u0103 se rupe, apare un cheag \u2192 infarct\/AVC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Cum contribuie gr\u0103simile saturate la ateroscleroz\u0103?<\/h2>\n

      1. Cresc nivelul de LDL-colesterol (r\u0103ul) \u00een s\u00e2nge
      <\/b>Consumul crescut de gr\u0103simi saturate (din carne gras\u0103, unt, lactate integrale, ulei de palmier, cacao, nuc\u0103 de cocos etc.) determin\u0103 ficatul s\u0103 produc\u0103 mai mult LDL-colesterol.
      Mai mult LDL \u00eenseamn\u0103 mai multe particule care pot p\u0103trunde \u00een endoteliu, mai ales dac\u0103 acesta este deja disfunc\u021bional.
      Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 mai multe particule de Apolipoprotein\u0103 B (ApoB-100) care pot ajunge \u00een peretele arterial.<\/p>\n

      2. Favorizeaz\u0103 oxidarea LDL-ului
      <\/b>Dieta bogat\u0103 \u00een gr\u0103simi saturate reduce capacitatea antioxidant\u0103 a organismului (mai pu\u021bine vitamine antioxidante, mai mult stres oxidativ).
      LDL-ul din s\u00e2nge devine mai susceptibil la oxidare \u2192 rezult\u0103 ox-LDL, forma \u201epericuloas\u0103\u201d care declan\u0219eaz\u0103 reac\u021bia inflamatorie a endoteliului.<\/p>\n

      3. Afecteaz\u0103 func\u021bia endotelial\u0103
      <\/b>Gr\u0103simile saturate contribuie la inflama\u021bie sistemic\u0103, ceea ce duce la:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Produc\u021bie sc\u0103zut\u0103 de oxid nitric (NO) \u2013 o molecul\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru relaxarea vaselor.<\/li>\n
      • Rigidizarea arterelor \u0219i cre\u0219terea permeabilit\u0103\u021bii endoteliului.<\/li>\n
      • Astfel, LDL-ul p\u0103trunde mai u\u0219or \u00een peretele arterial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        4. Scad efectele protectoare ale HDL (colesterolul bun)
        <\/b>HDL ajut\u0103 la \u201ecur\u0103\u021barea\u201d colesterolului din pere\u021bii arteriali.
        O diet\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u00een gr\u0103simi saturate poate reduce cantitatea \u0219i func\u021bionalitatea HDL, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 mai pu\u021bin\u0103 protec\u021bie contra aterosclerozei.<\/p>\n

        1. De ce se blocheaz\u0103 apolipoproteinele B \u00een endoteliu?<\/h2>\n

        Apolipoproteinele B (\u00een special ApoB-100) sunt componente esen\u021biale ale lipoproteinelor de tip LDL (low-density lipoproteins). LDL-ul are rolul de a transporta colesterolul \u00een \u021besuturi. Problema apare c\u00e2nd:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Endoteliul vascular este deteriorat sau disfunc\u021bional (din cauza hipertensiunii, fumatului, diabetului, inflama\u021biei sistemice, etc.).<\/li>\n
        • Permeabilitatea endoteliului cre\u0219te \u0219i permite particulelor de LDL s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een intima vasului (stratul interior al peretelui arterial).<\/li>\n
        • LDL-ul se oxidizeaz\u0103 (ox-LDL), iar aceast\u0103 form\u0103 oxidat\u0103 este recunoscut\u0103 de sistemul imunitar ca fiind \u201estr\u0103in\u0103\u201d \u0219i periculoas\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          2. Ce urmeaz\u0103 dup\u0103 p\u0103trunderea LDL-ului oxidat?<\/h2>\n

          Sistemul imunitar reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 trimi\u021b\u00e2nd macrofage (celule imune) care fagociteaz\u0103 (\u00eenghit) particulele de ox-LDL.
          Macrofagele umplute cu lipide devin celule spumoase (\u201efoam cells\u201d), form\u00e2nd o leziune gras\u0103 ini\u021bial\u0103.<\/p>\n

          3. Cum se transform\u0103 spuma \u00eentr-o plac\u0103 calcificat\u0103?<\/h2>\n

          Leziunea cre\u0219te, iar inflama\u021bia cronic\u0103 atrage mai multe celule imune, se secret\u0103 citokine \u0219i factori de cre\u0219tere.
          Organismul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 \u201erepare\u201d zona, iar celulele musculare netede migreaz\u0103 din stratul mijlociu (media) spre intima, unde formeaz\u0103 o capsul\u0103 fibroas\u0103 peste leziune.
          \u00cen timp, din cauza inflama\u021biei continue \u0219i distrugerii celulelor, se elibereaz\u0103 fosfat de calciu, iar placa \u00eencepe s\u0103 se calcifice, \u00eent\u0103rind peretele arterei.
          Acest proces se nume\u0219te ateroscleroz\u0103, iar placa rezultat\u0103 este o combina\u021bie de lipide, celule moarte, \u021besut fibros \u0219i calciu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Voi explica mai jos, \u00eentr-un limbaj simplu \u0219i \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 c\u00e2t mai simplificat\u0103, procesul prin care apar pl\u0103cile de aterom \u00een artere, \u0219i deci procesul prin care apar bolile cardiovasculare – ce vin \u00eenso\u021bite de riscul de infarct miocardic \u0219i accident vascular cerebral. Ce sunt pl\u0103cile de aterom? Sunt depuneri de gr\u0103sime, colesterol, celule \u0219i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1943,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[72,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-boli-cronice-afectiuni","category-nutritie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1926"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1948,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1926\/revisions\/1948"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1943"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrisense.com.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}